The origin of the double bass is uncertain, but it is believed to have evolved from the violone, a large bowed viola used in Renaissance music. During the 17th century, the violone was modified into a larger, more powerful instrument capable of producing deeper, lower notes. This new instrument, called the “violone di contrabbasso“, quickly became a vital component of the symphony orchestra.

Among the earliest known examples of such instruments are highly valuable pieces from the late 1500s, crafted by the Italian luthier Gasparo da Salò. Throughout the 18th century, the double bass was further developed and refined into the instrument we know today. It was equipped with metal strings and a mechanism to adjust string height, making it easier to play and enabling musicians to perform a wider range of notes. The double bass is a plucked string instrument belonging to the string family. It is the largest member of this family and resembles a cello but is much larger and includes a lower fourth string.

How a Double Bass is Made

The structure mainly consists of a wooden body, a neck, and a bridge. On the front side are the four strings, which are mounted on the bridge and anchored to the neck. The neck of the double bass is long and slender, featuring a series of markers that guide the musician in playing different notes.

The typical shape of the instrument resembles an inverted cello, with the neck extending downward and the body upward. The soundbox consists of two wooden plates, usually made of spruce or poplar, glued together to form an elliptical shell. The top plate, also called the soundboard, is slightly convex and features two “F”-shaped openings known as sound holes, which help project sound outside the resonance chamber. The bottom plate is flatter, and the instrument rests on an adjustable metal spike with a rubber tip to provide a stable support on the ground.

The neck of the double bass is typically made from a single piece of wood, such as maple or alder, and glued to the soundbox. It has a partially curved shape and is fretless, meaning it lacks the evenly spaced frets seen on other string instruments, which are used to adjust string length and therefore pitch.

A fretless neck requires the double bassist to develop precise finger placement through practice, a significantly greater challenge compared to fretted instruments that provide visual and tactile reference points.

The strings of the double bass are typically made from braided silk or synthetic materials like nylon wrapped with steel wire. They are anchored at the bottom part, known as the tailpiece, pass over the bridge for tension, and are secured at the top of the neck with four tuning pegs.

The bridge is a piece of wood with an elongated shape fixed to the soundboard, transferring string vibrations to the soundbox. It has a slightly curved profile with holes for string placement.

The double bass can be played standing or sitting, using a wooden or occasionally metal bow that is drawn across the strings.

Over the centuries, the double bass has continued to evolve, becoming one of the main instruments in modern orchestras. During the Baroque period, it gained prominence in classical music. It later found its way into other genres like jazz, country, folk music, and even rock. Its deep and resonant voice adds a rich dimension to any musical piece. Today, the double bass is often used as an accompaniment instrument across various styles, with electrified versions expanding its sonic capabilities.

How to Play the Double Bass

The double bass is typically played with fingers in jazz settings and with a bow in classical orchestra performances. While plucking the strings allows for short, rapid notes, the bow is used to produce longer, sustained notes. The bow is made of wood or sometimes metal, with an attached grip and horsehair strings. When drawn across the strings, it produces notes through friction. The bow’s sound on the double bass is characterized by depth and richness, capable of captivating the listener.

From Acoustic to Amplified Sound

A microphone for the double bass can be an excellent option for musicians looking to amplify their instrument for live performances or recordings. Several choices are available on the market, and the best option depends on personal preferences and performance needs.

A large-diaphragm microphone, such as a condenser microphone, is often a good choice because it captures a broader frequency range compared to small-diaphragm microphones. This helps to accurately reproduce the natural sound of the instrument. Condenser microphones typically have a more precise frequency response and greater sensitivity, which is advantageous for capturing the nuances of the double bass sound.

It is essential to consider the microphone’s placement relative to the instrument. A microphone near the bridge captures a brighter, sharper sound, while one directed at the soundbox produces a warmer, rounder tone. Experimenting with placement can help achieve the desired sound for any performance.

An alternative is using a pickup microphone, which attaches directly to the double bass. Several types are available, such as clip-on microphones that attach to the bridge or contact microphones adhered to the instrument’s surface. Regardless of the type, proper placement ensures accurate and balanced sound capture.

Watch Michael Fuller’s introduction to the double bass.

Additionally, it is crucial to consider the microphone’s quality. High-quality models typically feature more precise internal components and a more accurate frequency response, enabling faithful recording. Investing in a good microphone can enhance any performance. Another option is purchasing an electric double bass, which lacks a traditional soundbox and incorporates an internal amplification system to convert string vibrations into line signals. Electric double basses excel in settings where acoustic sound alone may not suffice, such as rock concerts or electronic bands. They also allow sound processing through pedals and effects. An electric double bass is also ideal for silent practice with headphones, avoiding disturbances to neighbors.

The Double Bass in Jazz

Jazz double bassists are musicians who play styles like bebop, swing, and contemporary jazz. The double bass is a cornerstone of the rhythm section, alongside drums and piano. Jazz bassists play a crucial role in creating a solid rhythmic foundation for other ensemble members while maintaining a steady tempo. Many of the greatest jazz bassists developed unique, recognizable styles and significantly contributed to the genre’s evolution, influencing modern genres like rockabilly and rock ‘n’ roll. Some of the most renowned jazz double bassists include:

• Gary Karr: Among the first double bassists to perform as a soloist with orchestras, he became a prominent figure in classical music.

• Edgar Meyer: An American musician celebrated for his versatility and skill in both classical and contemporary genres like bluegrass and jazz.

• Charles Mingus: Renowned as one of the 20th century’s most important jazz bassists and composers, leaving a legacy of powerful and passionate style.

• Ron Carter: A jazz legend known for his work with artists like Miles Davis and Herbie Hancock, he is regarded as one of the most influential bassists of his generation.

• Paul Chambers: A prominent figure in American jazz, famous for collaborating with artists like Miles Davis, John Coltrane, and Wynton Kelly.